( generics plural ) 1 adj You use generic to describe something that refers or relates to a whole class of similar things. way of saying farewell] gewöhnlich [herkömmlich, üblich, formelhaft: z. In the German language, there is a grammatical rule that is called Generisches Maskulinum (English: generic masculine ). It will make sense to translate all the generic masculine pronouns with their English counterparts. In cases of exception, the answer is yes, if literal translation is indicated by the circumstances. ), The voice of women and men. In general, one should proceed in English according to the rule: avoid masculine-specific nouns and pronouns when the noun or pronoun stands specifically either for a female person or for a person of indeterminate gender. They are often drafted using das generische Maskulinum, regardless of whether they are for male or female employees. People sometimes use generic to refer to something that is exactly typical of the kind of thing mentioned, and that has no special or unusual characteristics. Zum heutigen Urteil des V. Zivilsenats, V ZR 299/19, Nichtigkeit des "Mietendeckels" - und jetzt drohen Kündigungen und Räumungen, Personenbezogene Daten aus öffentlichen zugänglichen Quellen sind kein Freiwild, LG Freiburg: Keine Kündigung eines Fitnessstudio-Vertrags wegen Corona-bedingter Schließung. Das generische Maskulinum is acceptable, deemed so, in certain cases, by the German Federal Court of Justice. Words like man and dude have long served as exclamations, not really forms of address, or even as specifically masculine referents. When a German employment agreement is for a male employee, a translation into English can contain masculine-specific pronouns without reservation. And she files suit against her employer alleging gender-based discrimination. (non-specific) générique adj adjectif: modifie un nom. All rights reserved. deemed so, in certain cases, by the German Federal Court of Justice, Fachliche und förmliche Vollständigkeit einer juristischen Fachübersetzung, Hinweise zur bestehenden Moderationspraxis, OLG Oldenburg: "Leivtec XV 3 ist noch immer nix", Sturz auf dem Weg ins Homeoffice ist kein Arbeitsunfall, OVG Berlin-Brandenburg: Pandemiebedingte Behandlungsverbote sind rechtmäßig, „Der zerbrochne Krug“ oder: Die Öffentlichkeitsarbeit der Bremer Staatsanwaltschaft im Fall „BAMF“, Der BGH und die "Altfälle" - im Regelfall doch prozessführungsbefugt! Where the noun itself is not gender-neutral such as “attorney,” “translator,” “employee,” one should use a gender-neutral version of the noun – not “chairman,” but “chairperson”; not “policeman,” but “police officer”; not “fireman,” but “firefighter.” As for pronouns, one should avoid masculine-specific pronouns, when the noun is not masculine-specific: Some personal pronouns have special uses. What Is Gendered Language, and Why Should You Be Aware of It? Otherwise, the prose of the translation can become unwieldy, sound clumsy, and/or become imprecise, by including too many, or simply unintended, grammatical subjects or objects. Google Scholar Sniezek, J., & Jazwinski, C. (1986). The resulting masculine bias in our language reflects and reinforces the pattern of male dominance in society. It says that when you want to address a group that consists of people of both genders, you only use the male word even though you know there are females there. One should use generic masculine nouns and pronouns whenever the need for literal translation is indicated by the general circumstances that occasioned the translation in the first place. Diese Sicherheitsfrage überprüft, ob Sie ein menschlicher Besucher sind und verhindert automatisches Spamming. generic. That rule is this: do not use masculine-specific nouns and pronouns when the noun or pronoun stands specifically either for a female person or for a person of indeterminate gender. masculine {adj}
männlich masculine {adj} maskulin masculine {adj} [qualities] mannhaft masculine Maskulinum {n}ling. Known as the "generic he", generic masculine pronouns are the standard method used in the English language when addressing an "indefinite" or "undefined" individual. Until recently the masculine forms, he/him/his/himself, served as default forms in … “The development of masculine words into vocative expressions, exclamations, or forms of address may also help to explain how guy could be used as a noun of generic reference. Masculine personal pronouns are still commonly used for generic reference in many languages such as Dutch, but the results of this experiment refute the notion that a … That’s what The Chicago Manual of Style says anyway. If I want to write a text about a person whose gender is unknown, is it semantically (not opinion based) okay just to call … She discovers that she was snubbed for a promotion: a generally less qualified man was promoted instead. You can complete the definition of generic masculine given by the English Cobuild dictionary with other English dictionaries : Wikipedia, Lexilogos, Oxford, Cambridge, Chambers Harrap, Wordreference, Collins Lexibase dictionaries, Merriam Webster ... English-Simple Definition dictionary : translate English words into Simple Definition with online dictionaries. A PERSONAL PRONOUN that includes both masculine and feminine, such as u in Persian (which translates he and she) and they in English, which does not distinguish gender. of the regulations in (1) includes the masculine noun promovendus ‘PhD candidate’ as well as the masculine pronoun hij ‘he’, even though the rules apply to all PhD candidates regardless of their gender. The third-person singular has three genders, he, she, and it. (A ruling that never quite sat well with me, regardless of whether it is right as a matter of law.). The generic masculine of this sample is clearly an employed individual. Principales traductions: Anglais: Français: generic adj adjective: Describes a noun or pronoun--for example, "a tall girl," "an interesting book," "a big house." Fourth, one can spell out who exactly is meant; one writes not “he,” “him,” or “his,” but rather “he or she,” “him or her,” “his or her” or – in cases involving, say, a legal person – “he, she, or it”; “him, her, or it”; or “his, her, or its.” (One should never, under any circumstance, use “s/he/it” as shorthand for “he, she, or it”; it stinks, it sounds just as bad as it looks.). 1 Compare “Fachliche und förmliche Vollständigkeit einer juristischen Fachübersetzung.”. The employer insists on its right to refer to a woman as a man on paper, in keeping with the precedent set by the German Federal Court of Justice. 3 (of a drug, food product, etc.) Kommentar schreiben, Gast kommentiert am Di, 2020-12-01 12:42 Permanenter Link. Gibt es hier einen Übersetzer, der uns das übersetzen kann? More often than not, it ignored them. Nur Umstände des Termins für die Bemessung der Terminsgebühr maßgeblich, Zulässige HTML-Tags:
. She reviews her employment agreement and realizes that she was referred to not as “die Arbeitnehmerin,” but as “der Arbeitnehmer” and that all the corresponding generic masculine pronouns were used, “er,” “ihn,” “sein.” She speaks to an attorney. Empty paragraph killer - multiple returns will not break the site's style. Eliminating generic masculine pronouns precisely eliminates generic masculine pronouns. Because the English noun “employee” is itself gender-neutral, the German term “der Arbeitnehmer” can be translated as “employee.” However, all the masculine-specific pronouns used in the German will have to be replaced with feminine-specific ones: “he” will have to be translated as “she,” “him” as “her,” “his” as “hers.” In both cases, one translates in keeping with a main tenant of professional translation: one must needs translate in keeping with the facts – masculine-specific pronouns for male persons, feminine-specific pronouns for female persons. ©2021 Reverso-Softissimo. usu ADJ n (Antonym: specific) Parmesan is a generic term used to describe a family of hard Italian cheeses. This generic use of masculine words is a highly common practice in Dutch as well as in many other languages. New York: Pergamon Press. Nothing in that precedent establishes that one cannot refer to a female person with feminine nouns and pronouns in German. In two experiments, we tested how different … In all the varieties of English analyzed, plural/neutral pronouns and determiners account for the majority of usages. In the case assumed here, the attorney goes on to determine that one, not the main, avenue of attack, will be to show how the employer insists on its rights, but disregards his client’s. [1] By “devices,” I mean, roughly speaking, rhetorical, stylistic, grammatical devices: metonymy should be translated with corresponding metonymy, syllogisms with corresponding syllogisms, grammatical moods with corresponding grammatical moods. Different strategies of gender-fair language have been applied to reduce a male bias, which means the implicit belief that a word describing an undefined person describes a man. That rule is this: do not use masculine-specific nouns and pronouns when the noun or pronoun stands specifically either for a female person or for a person of indeterminate gender. the generic name. Let’s take the case of German employment agreements. But sometimes it is necessary to break with this generalization in order to adhere to it. [lacking individuality, originality, common: e.g. English does not have a singular equivalent for u, but the he- group of pronouns has traditionally been called GENERIC, along with such … This evidence demonstrates that the use of “generic” masculine and even other grammatically neutral terms in effect serves to exclude women from the English language. The masculine pronoun is he (with derived forms him, his and himself); the feminine is she(with derived forms her, hers and herself); the neuter is it (with derived forms its and itself). As a rule, one must forgo this grammatical device in order to ensure that the translation reads as if it itself had been composed in the target language.